Water is an important natural resource in our life. There are many countries which have problems with this vital resource in different fields. One of these countries that have a water problem is South Africa.
South Africa is facing a problem regarding lack of availability of water.http://www.ext.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/issues/water/index.htm It is one of the countries that have limited resources of freshwater compared with most other countries. It is one of the countries that have the lowest rainfall rate which means that it lacks in the surface water resources. Similarly, it also has low average in the underground resources. This situation puts South Africa in a serious stress to supply the increasing demand of the amount of water and the quality of water in view of the population growth and economic development rates. It led South Africa to highly depend on every major river in the country to meet the water requirement. However, these rivers are seasonal and do not have a stable amount of water during the year and consequently supplying the water is difficult.
There are many factors that affect the scarcity of fresh water availability in South Africa. One of these factors is the natural conditions. The type of climate in South Africa is low rainfall and high evaporation rate. These make the availability of its freshwater scarce.
The rapid of population growth in South Africa affects the availability of freshwater. It leads to greater demand for fresh water resources which are already under stress. For example many of the country’s rivers have been dammed to provide water for the increasing population.
The increase of population growth leads to the economic development. The industrial practice is another factor that affects the availability of fresh water in South Africa.http://www.environment.co.za/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1819 This causes the water pollution which includes industrial wastes, domestic and commercial sewage, acid mine drainage, pesticides and herbicides, and rubbish. The pollution affects the quality of the country’s water resources and then put more pressure on it.
Furthermore, pervious legislations regarding water also caused a pressure on the water resources. For example, the water was available to the commercial farmers for free and others paid a nominal amount. That affected the population’s habits and their awareness of water conserving value.
In order to solve the problem of the availability of fresh water, the government of South Africa joined international programs that manage the water resources. It signed several international regulations that ensure co-operation between South Africa and neighboring countries where international rivers are concerned. In addition to commitment to the international regulations that manage water resources such as the Helsinki Rules.
At the local level, South Africa has put regulations that affect its water resources. For example Water Services Act 108 of 1997 that provides regulations that ensure meeting the basic people’s needs of water that include water supply and sanitation. Another example is the National Water Act 36 of 1998 which improved the old water law in the country and brought the regulations that were previously only talked about into implementation. These regulations concern the development of national water resources management, protection of its water resources, pollution prevention, controlling of water allocation and its stream-flow.
South Africa also established many agencies that are in charge of water resources management which are called Catchment Management Agencies (CMAs)
In conclusion, I think the above mentioned attitudes are effective because the country is aware of the serious situation that it has and has made a strong impact on reducing the gap between available water supply and water demand and conserving its water resources, but I would emphasize exploiting of deep groundwater and the use of aquifers for storage of excess water.http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0305-05.htm I would also recommend reusing the waste water for agricultural irrigation. Recycling of waste water will reduce the amount of waste water, reduce the amount of the demand of freshwater and provide a reliable source of water for agriculture at the same time. In addition, I would advise educating the population for better awareness of water use and conservation. The government can also manage the water pricing so it will create more awareness of water conservation. Furthermore, I would recommend using the new technologies available in the international market or developing further technologies that fix the water shortage such as technologies for reducing the consumption of water and for reducing the evaporation of underground water.
Reference:
http://www.ext.grida.no/soesa/nsoer/issues/water/index.htm
http://www.environment.co.za/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=1819
http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0305-05.htm
Friday, December 25, 2009
Monday, December 14, 2009
1. Amount ( Noun): a quantity of something such as time, money, or a substance. 100,000 grand was the amount of money.
2. Aspect (noun): one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many parts. The first aspect in this lesson is obeying the law.
3. Colleagues (noun): someone you work with, used especially by professional people. You must be respectful to your colleagues.
4. Respect (noun): when you admire someone, especially because of their personal qualities, knowledge, or skills. I respect my mother.
5. Government (noun): the group of people who govern a country or state. I think that the government of Abu Dhabi is one of the best governments.
6. Achievement: (Object) a thing achieved, esp. by skill, work, courage, etc. We celebrate achievements; we share in the success of our colleagues.
7. Afraid (Adjective): Feeling fear filled with apprehension. I'm not afraid of heights, only of falling.
8. Apartment (noun): A room or suite of rooms to live in. one suite in an apartment house. My friend lives in an apartment.
9. Ambulance (object): a specially equipped automobile or other vehicle for carrying the sick or wounded. He was arrested and was led to a waiting ambulance soon after.
10. Beautiful (noun): having beauty; very pleasing to the eye, ear, mind. Walking through the beautiful gardens there is a quiet, relaxing atmosphere.
11. Luxury (noun): very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars etc. I have a luxury home.
12. Appearance (noun): the way someone or something looks to other people. My father has a great appearance.
13. Education (noun): the process of training and developing the knowledge, skill, mind, character, etc., esp. by formal schooling; teaching; training. I completed my education in technical colleges.
14. Kindergarten (noun): a school for children aged two to five. One of my brothers is in kindergarten.
15. Family (noun): a group of people related by ancestry or marriage; relatives. I live with my family in a big villa.
16. Future (adj): that is to be or come; of days, months, or years ahead. In future I will be a successful business man.
17. Independent (adjective): an organization is not owned or controlled by, or does not receive money from, another organization or the government. There are a lot of independent schools in the UAE.
18. Faithfully (adverb): in a loyal way. Always do any work faithfully.
19. Constructive (adjective): useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results. Always you must work hard to be a constructive student.
20. Occur (verb): to happen or exist in a particular place or situation. Accidents occur because of mistakes.
21. Kindness (adj): a kind act or kindly treatment. She showed kindness to someone who was upset.
22. Museum (noun): an institution, building, or room for preserving and exhibiting artistic, historical, or scientific objects. The best museum in the UAE is located in Al Ain.
23. Disease (noun): an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant. In the UAE many methods are used to prevent diseases before they spread.
24. Scholarship (noun): an amount of money that is given to someone by an educational organization to help pay for their education. Scholarships help students to rely on themselves.
25. Capable (adjective): having the qualities or ability needed to do something. I’m capable of passing.
26. Spite (verb): to deliberately annoy or upset someone. I like to spite him
27. Noise (adj): loud or confused shouting; din of voices; clamor. There was a loud noise outside the door.
28. Account (noun):.A counting; calculation. I have a bank account in Dubai Islamic Bank
29. Officer (noun): Anyone elected or appointed to an office or position of authority in a government, business, institution, society, etc. My father's position is officer.
30. Population (noun): All the people in a country, region, etc. The population of the UAE is about five million.
31. University (noun): an educational institution of the highest level, University is much different form school. The university is much different from school.
32. Pizza (noun): a baked Italian dish consisting of flattened bread dough covered variously with herbs, fresh vegetables, or, typically in the U.S., with tomato sauce, grated cheese, and, often, sausage, mushrooms, pepperoni, etc. I had a seafood pizza yesterday.
33. Price (noun): the amount of money, etc. asked or paid for something; cost; charge. The gold price is going up.
34. Weather (noun): the general condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place, with regard to the temperature, moisture, cloudiness, etc. In these days we have nice weather.
35. Salary (noun): fixed payment at regular intervals for services, etc. I m taking my salary from my father.
36. Restaurant (noun): a place where meals can be bought and eaten. Yesterday I ate at the restaurant.
37.Problem (noun): a question proposed for solution or consideration. I have not had a problem in my laptop.
38. Money (noun): standard pieces of gold, silver, copper, nickel, etc., stamped by government authority and used as a medium of exchange and measure of value; coin or coins. There are many people searching for money.
39. Tourist (noun): a person who makes a tour, esp. for pleasure. Many tourists visit Dubai every year.
40. Special (adj): of a kind different from others; distinctive, peculiar, or unique. I have a special car.
41. View (noun): a seeing or looking, as in inspection or examination. The accommodation is in suites, all of which have a sea view.
42. Courses (noun): a program of instruction, as in a college or university. Last summer I went to English courses.
43. Holiday (noun): Any day of exemption from work. I spent my last holiday in LA.
44. Department (noun): a separate part, division, or branch, as of a government, business. The department of labor is next door.
45. Healthy (adj): Having good health; well; sound. We should eat healthy food.
46. Available (adj): that one can avail oneself of; that can be used; usable. There were two available seats on the plane.
47. Discuss (adj): to talk or write about. We discussed BMW cars with our friends.
48. Century (noun): one of the 100-year periods measured from before or after the year of Christ's birth. We are now in the 21st century.
49. Manner (noun): the way in which something is done or happens. I like the manner in which he teaches.
50. Libraries (noun): collection of books, periodicals, musical scores, films, phonograph records, etc., esp. a large, systematically arranged collection for reading or reference. We have a big library in the college.
2. Aspect (noun): one part of a situation, idea, plan etc that has many parts. The first aspect in this lesson is obeying the law.
3. Colleagues (noun): someone you work with, used especially by professional people. You must be respectful to your colleagues.
4. Respect (noun): when you admire someone, especially because of their personal qualities, knowledge, or skills. I respect my mother.
5. Government (noun): the group of people who govern a country or state. I think that the government of Abu Dhabi is one of the best governments.
6. Achievement: (Object) a thing achieved, esp. by skill, work, courage, etc. We celebrate achievements; we share in the success of our colleagues.
7. Afraid (Adjective): Feeling fear filled with apprehension. I'm not afraid of heights, only of falling.
8. Apartment (noun): A room or suite of rooms to live in. one suite in an apartment house. My friend lives in an apartment.
9. Ambulance (object): a specially equipped automobile or other vehicle for carrying the sick or wounded. He was arrested and was led to a waiting ambulance soon after.
10. Beautiful (noun): having beauty; very pleasing to the eye, ear, mind. Walking through the beautiful gardens there is a quiet, relaxing atmosphere.
11. Luxury (noun): very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars etc. I have a luxury home.
12. Appearance (noun): the way someone or something looks to other people. My father has a great appearance.
13. Education (noun): the process of training and developing the knowledge, skill, mind, character, etc., esp. by formal schooling; teaching; training. I completed my education in technical colleges.
14. Kindergarten (noun): a school for children aged two to five. One of my brothers is in kindergarten.
15. Family (noun): a group of people related by ancestry or marriage; relatives. I live with my family in a big villa.
16. Future (adj): that is to be or come; of days, months, or years ahead. In future I will be a successful business man.
17. Independent (adjective): an organization is not owned or controlled by, or does not receive money from, another organization or the government. There are a lot of independent schools in the UAE.
18. Faithfully (adverb): in a loyal way. Always do any work faithfully.
19. Constructive (adjective): useful and helpful, or likely to produce good results. Always you must work hard to be a constructive student.
20. Occur (verb): to happen or exist in a particular place or situation. Accidents occur because of mistakes.
21. Kindness (adj): a kind act or kindly treatment. She showed kindness to someone who was upset.
22. Museum (noun): an institution, building, or room for preserving and exhibiting artistic, historical, or scientific objects. The best museum in the UAE is located in Al Ain.
23. Disease (noun): an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant. In the UAE many methods are used to prevent diseases before they spread.
24. Scholarship (noun): an amount of money that is given to someone by an educational organization to help pay for their education. Scholarships help students to rely on themselves.
25. Capable (adjective): having the qualities or ability needed to do something. I’m capable of passing.
26. Spite (verb): to deliberately annoy or upset someone. I like to spite him
27. Noise (adj): loud or confused shouting; din of voices; clamor. There was a loud noise outside the door.
28. Account (noun):.A counting; calculation. I have a bank account in Dubai Islamic Bank
29. Officer (noun): Anyone elected or appointed to an office or position of authority in a government, business, institution, society, etc. My father's position is officer.
30. Population (noun): All the people in a country, region, etc. The population of the UAE is about five million.
31. University (noun): an educational institution of the highest level, University is much different form school. The university is much different from school.
32. Pizza (noun): a baked Italian dish consisting of flattened bread dough covered variously with herbs, fresh vegetables, or, typically in the U.S., with tomato sauce, grated cheese, and, often, sausage, mushrooms, pepperoni, etc. I had a seafood pizza yesterday.
33. Price (noun): the amount of money, etc. asked or paid for something; cost; charge. The gold price is going up.
34. Weather (noun): the general condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place, with regard to the temperature, moisture, cloudiness, etc. In these days we have nice weather.
35. Salary (noun): fixed payment at regular intervals for services, etc. I m taking my salary from my father.
36. Restaurant (noun): a place where meals can be bought and eaten. Yesterday I ate at the restaurant.
37.Problem (noun): a question proposed for solution or consideration. I have not had a problem in my laptop.
38. Money (noun): standard pieces of gold, silver, copper, nickel, etc., stamped by government authority and used as a medium of exchange and measure of value; coin or coins. There are many people searching for money.
39. Tourist (noun): a person who makes a tour, esp. for pleasure. Many tourists visit Dubai every year.
40. Special (adj): of a kind different from others; distinctive, peculiar, or unique. I have a special car.
41. View (noun): a seeing or looking, as in inspection or examination. The accommodation is in suites, all of which have a sea view.
42. Courses (noun): a program of instruction, as in a college or university. Last summer I went to English courses.
43. Holiday (noun): Any day of exemption from work. I spent my last holiday in LA.
44. Department (noun): a separate part, division, or branch, as of a government, business. The department of labor is next door.
45. Healthy (adj): Having good health; well; sound. We should eat healthy food.
46. Available (adj): that one can avail oneself of; that can be used; usable. There were two available seats on the plane.
47. Discuss (adj): to talk or write about. We discussed BMW cars with our friends.
48. Century (noun): one of the 100-year periods measured from before or after the year of Christ's birth. We are now in the 21st century.
49. Manner (noun): the way in which something is done or happens. I like the manner in which he teaches.
50. Libraries (noun): collection of books, periodicals, musical scores, films, phonograph records, etc., esp. a large, systematically arranged collection for reading or reference. We have a big library in the college.
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